![]() In vitro chondrogenesis is possible with chitosan but the composition of constructs produced on PGA more closely approaches that of natural cartilage. Chondrocyte proliferation and metabolic activity improved with increasing interconnective pore size of chitosan matrices. Constructs produced with PGA contained less water and more GAG than all chitosan groups. However, chitosan sponges with the largest pores contained more chondrocytes, collagen II and GAG than the matrix with the smallest pores. DNA and GAG concentrations were greater in PGA scaffolds than in any of the chitosan groups. The use of chitosan in 3D-scaffolds as gels and sponges and in 2D-scaffolds as films and fibers is discussed, with a special focus on wound healing application. Chemically, chitosan is made of -(1,4)-linked glucosamine units (2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose) with some portions of N-acetylglucosamine units (2-acetamino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose). Whereas very few remnants of PGA remained, chitosan scaffolds appeared intact. For example, hybrid hydrogel scaffolds have been synthesized by introducing polymerizable groups (e.g., azidobenzoic acid, methacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, carboxymethyl, acetocarboxyl) and a photoinitiator (commonly -hydroxyalkylphenone) to crosslink chitosan with gelatin under ultraviolet light. Chitosan is a marine-derived biopolymer obtained from chitin, which occurs in the exoskeletons of crustaceans. Other advantages of chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering include the formation of highly porous scaffolds with interconnected pores, osteoconductivity. PGA constructs consisted essentially of a matrix containing more cells than normal cartilage. Parametric data was compared (p=0.05) with an ANOVA and Tukey's Studentized range test. In this study, we developed a collagen/chitosan scaffold integrated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (3D-CC-BDNF) by low temperature extrusion 3D printing. Constructs were cultured for 28 days in a rotating bioreactor prior to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and determination of their water, DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II contents. Six million porcine chondrocytes were seeded on each of 52 prewetted scaffolds consisting of chitosan sponges with (1) pores 10 microm in diameter (n=10, where n is the number of samples) (2) pores measuring 10-50 microm in diameter (n=10) and (3) pores measuring 70-120 microm in diameter (n=10), versus (4) polyglycolic acid mesh (n=22), as a positive control. ![]() ![]() This study was designed to determine the effect of interconnective pore size on chondrocyte proliferation and function within chitosan sponges, and compare the potential of chitosan and polyglycolic acid (PGA) matrices for chondrogenesis. ![]()
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